Learning Consultation: APA Citation

Citation General Info

In-Text Citations:

• Are brief references in the text of the paper indicating the source used for a quote, paraphrase, or summary.
• Direct readers to corresponding entries on the References section.
• Consist of the source authors' last names (or part of the source's title, when author names are unavailable), the year of publication, and a page number (when available), all enclosed in parentheses.

Short quotations

• Within the normal paragraph format of your paper
• Citation follows the quotation mark.
• Punctuation follows the citation.

Long quotations

• 40 words or more
• Begin on a new line
• Use no quotation marks
• Indent the entire quotation an additional 1⁄2 inch (5 spaces, 1 tab).
• Punctuation follows the quotation.
• Citation follows the punctuation.
• Every source quoted, summarized, or paraphrased in the body of your paper should be cited in the References section, and vice-versa.

Reference Citations

• Listed in alphabetical order by first word in the references (normally the author's last name).
• Use hanging indentation (every line except the first line is indented 1/2 inch, or 5 spaces, or 1 tab.)

Direct Quote (Book, 2 Authors)

In-text:

• "For the most part, though, the oral microbiomes of people are rather healthy assemblages of cohabitating microbes" (DeSalle & Perkins, 2015, p. 104).

Corresponding Reference:

• DeSalle, R., & Perkins, S. L. (2015). Welcome to the Microbiome : Getting to Know the Trillions of Bacteria and Other Microbes In, On, and Around You. Yale University Press.

Long Quote (Article, 1 Author)

In-text:

          For example, if I were writing about the history of the Supreme Court, I would introduce a block quote with contextualizing information. In this case, I might discuss how prominent political figures discussed Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes reverentially on Holmes's retirement. One scholar has written that

when time came to show the more mundane aspects of respect, the nation proved surprisingly stingy. Within a few months of Holmes’s resignation, a so-called Economy Act cut federal salaries and almost perversely targeted Holmes. One clause on resigned federal judges set a maximum pension of $10,000, which would cut Holmes’s income in half and would similarly threaten any other Supreme Court justice who resigned. (Glock, 2019, p. 47)

This text serves as a block quote, and the reader can see that there is no punctuation between the quote’s introduction and the quote itself. Note, too, that the quote’s end punctuation goes before the parenthetical citation.

Corresponding Reference:

• Glock, J. (2019). Unpacking the Supreme Court: Judicial Retirement, Judicial Independence, and the Road to the 1937 Court Battle. Journal of American History, 106(1), 47–71. https://doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jaz167

Journal Article (Print)

• (Shreya & , 2015, p. 2259)
• Shreya, K., Grande, D., & Trinh-Shevrin Chau. (2015). From rhetoric to reality - community health workers in post-reform U.S. health care. The New England Journal of Medicine, 372(24), 2277-2279.

Journal Article (With DOI)

• (Ducharme et al., 2015, p. 269)
• Ducharme, S., Albaugh, M. D., Nguyen, T., Hudziak, J. J., Mateos-Pérez, J., Labbe, A., Evans, A. C., & Karama, S. (2016). Trajectories of cortical thickness maturation in normal brain development -- the importance of quality control procedures. NeuroImage, 125, 267-279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.10.010

Journal Article (Without DOI)

• (McCulloch et al., 2009, p. 1109)
• McCulloch, P., Altman, D. G., Campbell, W. B., Flum, D. R., Glasziou, P., Marshall, J. C., & Nicholl, J. (2009). Surgical innovation and evaluation 3: No surgical innovation without evaluation: The IDEAL recommendations. The Lancet, 374(9695), 1105-12. https://www.proquest.com/docview/199052178

• The Body of Your Paper

  • Capitalize titles of all works as follows:
    • All words except articles, conjunctions, or prepositions of fewer than 4 letters.
    • The first word after a punctuation mark
    • Note that capitalization rules work differently in the References section

• References Section:

  • This section starts fresh on a new page after the body of your paper.
  • Center and bold the word "References" at the top of the first page of this section.
  • Capitalize titles of all works as follows:
    • Journals: 
      • All words except articles, conjunctions, or prepositions of fewer than 4 letters.
      • The first word after a punctuation mark
    • Books, Web Pages, Reports, etc.:
      • Capitalize the first word, proper nouns, and the first word after punctuation (like a colon).
    • Note that capitalization rules work differently in the body of your paper.